Food Technology
Amir Mansouri Yarahmadi; Peyman Rajaei; Sara Movahhed
Abstract
Introduction
Introduction: Mayonnaise is one types of sauces that has always been loved and preferred by consumers because of its unique texture and taste. Sauce is a semi-solid or liquid food ingredients that consists of emulsifying edible vegetable oils (at least 66%) in a liquid phase including vinegar, ...
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Introduction
Introduction: Mayonnaise is one types of sauces that has always been loved and preferred by consumers because of its unique texture and taste. Sauce is a semi-solid or liquid food ingredients that consists of emulsifying edible vegetable oils (at least 66%) in a liquid phase including vinegar, water, lemon juice, and egg yolk (Bortnowska and Makiewiewicz, 2006). According to the National Standard of Iran (No. 2454), if the amount of fat in mayonnaise is reduced by at least 25% (from 66% of fat), it is considered reduced fat mayonnaise, and if it is reduced by 50% in fat, mayonnaise is considered low-fat. (National Standard of Iran 2454, 1394). Fibers are edible parts of plants or similar carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed in the gut and only irritate the gut. Dietary fiber contains polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin and related plant materials. Dietary fiber intake can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, cancer and some gastrointestinal disorders. They can alter tissue properties, eliminate hydration, stabilize high-fat foods and emulsions, and improve shelf life (Zhang et al., 2017). Barley (Avena sativa L.) is an important crop with about 21 million tons annually production worldwide. The seed has been used to raise public awareness about the health benefits of beta-glucan, which helps lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Protein is the second most abundant element (12 to 20%) in barley after starch, which contains organic amino acids, due to its high lysine content because globulins make up 70 to 80% of total barley protein. Alcohol-soluble prolamins, on the other hand, are the main storage proteins in other cereals (Nito et al., 2015).
Materials and Methods
In this study, nitrate, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ethylene glycol and acetic acid were prepared from Merck Company (Germany) and sunflower oil from Rana Company, vinegar from Somayeh Company, salt from Aali Company, sugar from Pardis Company, mustard from Bijan Company and Barley Malt Pulp was prepared from Behnoosh Company. Chemical extraction method was used to extract fiber. (Salehifar and Fadai Noghani, 2013). To prepare the mayonnaise samples, the powder ingredients including salt, mustard and sugar, vinegar and water were first mixed well and uniformly with a mixer (IKA WERK, Germany). Then, according to the formulation, the fiber extracted from barley malt pulp was gradually added to the above mixture, which was stirring, and the eggs were added to the mixture and mixed thoroughly to obtain a uniform composition. At this stage, the oil was added dropwise with continuous pouring. Finally, the samples of mayonnaise prepared were kept at refrigerator for further analysis. In all samples, the amount of sugar (11.5 g), white vinegar (23.1 g), eggs (39.45 g), salt (4.50 g), water (24.6 g) was constant (Bostani et al., 2011). In this study, in order to reduce the amount of oil, it was replaced with fiber extracted from barley malt pulp at five levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w / w).
Results and Discussion
The effect of replacing different percentages of fibers extracted from barley malt pulp with fat at levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%) on physicochemical properties (fat, fiber, ash, viscosity and colorimetry (L*) a*, b*) and sensory characteristics (taste, smell, color, texture and general acceptance) were determined using analysis of variance at 5% probability level. Various properties of low-fat mayonnaise showed that as the percentage of barley malt fiber increased, the amount of fat, radiance and yellowness in low-fat mayonnaise treatments (P <0.05) decreased, and the addition of fiber increases the viscosity, fiber, ash and redness of mayonnaise, treatments (P> 0.05) as well as protein content. In the treatments, which was statistically significant (P> 0.05), the results of sensory evaluation of mayonnaise samples showed that the addition of fiber extracted from barley malt pulp resulted in a significant reduction in taste, texture, color and the general acceptance of mayonnaise samples (P <0.05), while the decrease in odor score was not statistically significant (P> 0.05), so that the treatment containing 20% barley malt fiber had the lowest sensory score (taste). Smell, texture, color, acceptance k Li) and treatments containing 5 and 10% barley malt fiber received the highest sensory scores (taste, odor, texture, color, general acceptance) from the panelists.
Conclusion
According to the results, treatment 3 (containing 10% barley malt fiber) was introduced as the best treatment in the present study.
Fatemeh Karegar; Rezvan Pourahmad; Peyman Rajaei
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Nowadays, with the development of probiotic products on the world market, the need for developing new products containing probiotic bacteria becomes more apparent. Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms that, if consumed in sufficient quantities, will have beneficial effects ...
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[1]Introduction: Nowadays, with the development of probiotic products on the world market, the need for developing new products containing probiotic bacteria becomes more apparent. Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms that, if consumed in sufficient quantities, will have beneficial effects on the health of the host. Probiotics are now widely used in the production of food products and account for approximately 65% of functional foods. Probiotics often belong to either the genus Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is one of the known probiotic bacteria with beneficial properties. Prebiotics are defined as indigestible compounds, mainly carbohydrates that can be used as carbon source for probiotic bacteria and stimulate their growth and viability. Oligofructose is a type of short chain inulin and is one of the most well- known prebiotics. Moreover, microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria can improve the survival of these bacteria. In this approach, living probiotic cells are covered or trapped by various compounds. Hydrocolloids such as alginate and carbohydrates such as starch can be suitable compounds for microencapsulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oligofructose and microencapsulation on the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, textural, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of functional jelly. Materials and methods: In this study, different concentrations (0, 1.5 and 3 percent) of oligofructose as prebiotic were used to produce jelly samples, and 107 CFU/mL of probiotic bacteria (free and microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was inoculated. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria was performed by emulsion method using sodium alginate and corn resistant starch. The jelly samples were stored at 4˚C for two weeks. pH, acidity, dry matter, firmness, probiotic bacterial count and sensory properties (taste, odor, texture, color and overall acceptance) of the samples were evaluated on the first, 7th and 14th days of jelly production. Seven samples including 6 treatments and 1 control sample (without probiotic bacteria and prebiotic compound) with three replications were studied. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the significant difference between samples at 95% confidence level (p<0.05) using the SAS 9.4 M4 Software. The charts were drawn by Excel 2013. Results and discussion: The results of sensory evaluation showed that the effect of different percentages of oligofructose on the sensory parameters, except for the taste, was not significant (p>0.05). Using 1.5% oligofructose and probiotic bacteria (free or microencapsulated) did not change the score of taste but the use of 3% oligofructose and free probiotic bacteria decreased the score of this parameter. The effect of storage time on sensory properties (taste, odor, texture, color and overall acceptance) was significant (p<0.05) so that with increasing storage time, the score of sensory parameters decreased. The results of physicochemical tests indicated that with increasing oligofructose, dry matter increased and acidity decreased (p<0.05). The results of texture analysis showed that the microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria and addition of oligofructose significantly (p<0.05) increased the firmness of jelly texture. During storage period, pH and dry matter significantly (p<0.05) decreased but acidity and firmness of jelly texture increased. The results of probiotic bacterial count indicated that the use of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria and oligofructose significantly (p<0.05) increased the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The viability of probiotic bacterai decreased during storage period, t however, the number of probiotic bacteria in the samples was in the range of 106- 107 CFU/g. On the first and 7th days, no mold and yeast contamination was observed in the samples and on the 14th day, the number of molds and yeasts was less than 10 CFU/g. The sample containing microencapsulated probiotic bacteria and 3% oligofructose (sample 4) was selected as the best sample in terms of probiotic bacterial count and textural, physicochemical and sensory quality. Therefore, it is possible to produce synbiotic jelly with the desired quality
Fatemeh Sadat Mirza Khalili; Peyman Rajaei; Mahnaz Hashemiravan
Abstract
Introduction: Today, the problem that the beverage industry faces and is largely unchanged, and may be added to its complexity day by day is to provide a healthy, durable, and acceptable product. One of the main steps in this regard can be replacing the preservatives and chemical additives with their ...
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Introduction: Today, the problem that the beverage industry faces and is largely unchanged, and may be added to its complexity day by day is to provide a healthy, durable, and acceptable product. One of the main steps in this regard can be replacing the preservatives and chemical additives with their natural varieties. Since Iran is very diverse and rich in vegetation, especially in medicinal plants, due to its special geographical conditions, and on the other hand, since the medicinal plants have the known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, they can be used as a substitute for the chemical preservatives in the beverage industry. In this regard, the possibility of production of saffron gaseous beverage has been studied in this research.
Materials and methods: Initially, in order to produce the saffron gaseous beverages, the raw materials including saffron extract (Zardband Company), Sugar (Hedieh Company), Orang Serum Agar, Kant Agar Plate, Dichloran Rose-Bengal, Sodium Benzoate, Dipotassium Oxalate, Lead Acetate, Normal Sodium Hydroxide, activated carbon, citric acid, CO2 gas, ethyl alcohol, 70% ethanol and sodium hydroxide as well as materials used in the microbial tests including Lactobacillus agar medium (MRS Agar), Orange-Serum Agar, Dichloran Rose- Bengal (all from Merck, Germany) were prepared. Next, the treatments of research including T1 (65% sugar and 0.6% saffron), T2 (65% sugar and 4% saffron), T3 (65% sugar and 2% saffron), T4 (70% sugar and0.6% saffron), T5 (70% sugar and 4% saffron), T6 (70% sugar and 2% saffron), T7 (75% sugar and 0.6% saffron), T8 (75% Sugar and 4% saffron) and T9 (75% sugar and 2% saffron) were considered. In order to prepare the treatments, the syrup tanks were prepared. Usually, for each 7-unit syrup tank which is equal to 11.659 liters, 1,750 gallons of purified water were poured into the tank. The tank mixer was then turned on and the sugar was added according to the formulation of making the desired beverage to dissolve all the crystals of sugar in the water. Since the consumed sugar had foreign objects, the prepared syrup was not clear and clean, so it was completely transparent and clear by passing the material from special filters. In order to eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms, the syrup was pasteurized. After pasteurization, the syrup was directed to the steel tanks of the extract. The capacity of the extract tank was 10 units (17032.5 liters), 6 units (10219.5) and 4 units (6813 liters). Next, the extract was added at the same time as the syrup was added to the tanks. After mixing the concentrated extract and the syrup, the mixer was turned off and the mixture was placed in the same state for 15 minutes to remove its bubbles. It is recommended that the made extract will be kept in the tank for 24-12 hours in order to achieve better maturity. The prepared extract was directed by a transfer pump to a water and extract mixer (Intermix, Flumix or Perry Mix), to mix the water entered from the refinery with the ratio of 1 to 5 for the products with the brix less than 11 or with the ratio of 1 to 5.5 for the products with the brix below 10 and form the beverage drink. To improve the work efficiency and increase the quality of extract made, the solid materials such as citric acid and sodium benzoate were added to the syrup tanks by the additive tanks to allow the filtration. After the completion of each treatment, the samples were subjected to physicochemical, microbial and sensory tests. In the same regard, in order to analyze the data of research, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design was used. The mean comparison was performed by Duncan's multiple range test at the probability level of 1%=α and analyzed by SPSS software, version 16.
Results and discussion: According to the results, by adding sugar and saffron extract, the amount of brix was significantly increased and it seems the sucrose to be the main reason for the increase of brix because there is a direct relationship between the concentration of sucrose and brix. Also, by adding sugar and saffron extract to the beverages produced, the pH and acidity levels decreased and increased, respectively, but they were within the standard range. On the other hand, by adding sugar and saffron extract, the density of samples did not change significantly, but the amount of dry matter increased significantly, among which the increase in the amount of dry matter can be attributed to an increase in the sugar and saffron extract in the beverage. In this regard, the ash content of treatments and total sugar content of the samples were significantly increased due to increasing the amount of saffron extract and increasing the sugar content. According to the results obtained, the amount of mesophilic bacteria increased with the addition of sugars, but it remained within the standard range. Most of the mesophilic bacteria belonged to the sample containing 70% sugar. According to the results of sensory tests, the sweetness of beverage increased by increasing the sugar content, but in the samples in which the amount of saffron increased, the amount of sweetness showed no significant difference with the first sample. Since the saffron had a bitter and astringent taste, increasing the amount of sugar made the taste desired. On the other hand, as the amount of saffron increased, the color of samples was more attractive and their flavor was more favorable. In a general conclusion and based on the results of research, it was determined that it is possible to produce saffron gaseous beverage based on its chemical and medicinal properties, which could be an appropriate substitute compared to other beverages among which the treatment containing 75 % Sugar and 2% saffron extract was introduced as the most desired treatment.
